Iran’s Missile Program: A Detailed Look at Technology and Strategy

The Iranian missile program has emerged as a central point of contention in recent diplomatic negotiations between the United States and Iran. Washington has consistently pushed for limits on Tehran’s ballistic capabilities, primarily driven by Israeli security concerns and the shifting military balance in the Middle East. Experts suggest that recent Iranian strikes have fundamentally altered the regional landscape, proving that these weapons can effectively bypass traditional defense systems.

Historical Roots of Missile Ambition

According to a detailed report by BBC, Iran’s journey toward becoming a missile powerhouse began during the harrowing years of the Iran-Iraq War. At that time, Tehran faced devastating Scud-B attacks from Iraq while possessing only limited artillery with a 35km range. This strategic disadvantage prompted the leadership to authorize the development of a domestic missile command in 1984 under the guidance of Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, often referred to as the father of Iran’s missile program.

From Reverse Engineering to Innovation

Faced with international arms embargoes and UN Security Council resolutions, Iran turned to reverse engineering to build its arsenal. Initial technology was acquired from Libya, Syria, and North Korea, but Iranian engineers quickly learned to disassemble and recreate complex components. This self-reliance allowed Tehran to move from liquid-fueled engines to more stable and rapid-launch solid-fuel technology, making their missiles significantly more lethal and precise.

The Secrets of Underground Cities

A defining feature of Iran’s strategic defense is the construction of vast “missile cities” hidden deep within rugged mountain ranges. These facilities, some located up to 500 meters underground, serve as storage, manufacturing hubs, and launch sites. The IRGC claims these tunnels are spread across various provinces, providing a resilient second-strike capability that remains protected from aerial surveillance and preemptive conventional strikes.

A Diverse and Deadly Arsenal

Today, Iran produces over 50 types of rockets, ballistic, and cruise missiles. Their inventory ranges from short-range tactical weapons like the Fateh-110 to medium-range ballistic missiles like the Emad, which can reach targets up to 1,700 kilometers away. Most recently, Tehran unveiled the Fattah series, claiming it belongs to the elite class of hypersonic weapons capable of maneuvering at speeds exceeding Mach 13 to evade advanced air defenses.

Cross-Border Operations and Impact

In the last decade, Iran has increasingly used its missile force in cross-border operations against various adversaries. From targeting ISIS in Syria to striking alleged intelligence centers in Iraq and militant groups in Pakistan, these operations demonstrate Tehran’s growing confidence. The April 2024 strikes on Israel further highlighted the program’s evolution, as hundreds of drones and missiles were utilized to test and penetrate sophisticated multi-layered defense networks.

Strategic Shift From Air to Ground

The decision to prioritize missiles over a modern air force was a calculated strategic choice. After the 1979 revolution, Iran lost access to American aircraft parts and training. Missiles provided a cost-effective alternative to expensive fighter jets, requiring less pilot training and offering a formidable deterrent. This shift has allowed Iran to maintain a credible military threat despite being unable to compete in traditional air superiority.

The Future of Iranian Missile Power

As Iran continues to refine its guidance systems and engine technology, the regional arms race shows no signs of slowing down. While the supreme leader has currently capped the official range at 2,000 kilometers, the technical capability to exceed this limit exists. The ongoing military cooperation with Russia may further accelerate Iran’s access to advanced designs, ensuring that its missile program remains a focal point of global security for years to come.